Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a leading technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their outstanding resistance to fouling, chemical stability,

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are emerging technologies rapidly transforming the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR technologies integrate a biological reactor with a membrane filtration module, offering enhanced efficiency. This synergistic approach achieves signi